Tilapia farming is practiced throughout the world. The largest producer country is China (1,241,410 t), followed by Indonesia (1,172,633 t), Egypt (954,154 t), Brazil (343,596 t), and Thailand (205,971 t) (FAO, 2022).  China has built up a large tilapia farming industry in its southern provinces and is now the largest exporter of tilapia. In parallel, alternative suppliers in Southeast Asia and Latin America have increased their exports, at the expense of China. While China remains the dominant tilapia supplier, the imposition of import tariffs by the United States of America on Chinese tilapia, combined with logistical challenges related to the COVID-19 pandemic and the repurposing of land in key production regions, means that this dominance is expected to decline (FAO, 2022)

Tilapia is the cheapest source of aquatic animal protein in China, which has provided a good and cheap choice for ordinary people for a long time. Since 2002, the proportion of tilapia production used for domestic consumption has been declining year by year, and in 2009, the proportion of domestic consumption was lower than 50%. Tilapia became an export-oriented variety. Dependence on the international market is increasing and this has also led to the instability of market demand and the increase of uncontrollable factors, thus affecting the confidence of farmers

Reports suggest that low prices and tight margins have driven some tilapia farms in China to switch to other fish species, such as largemouth bass, which can generate better profit margins

In recent decades, China's aquaculture industry has developed rapidly, with the emergence of many new aquaculture varieties. People's living standards and income levels have improved, and there are many alternatives to choose from. Tilapia has formed a cheap and low-end perception in China 

As for the future, we will see a shift in China towards farming of higher value fish species and I believe that we will view China as a market for premium aquaculture products. Wealthy Chinese consumers have become more demanding when it comes to their expectations around sustainability and quality of the food that they consume. As a consequence, we are seeing a growing interest in preventative fish health management and tools such as diagnostics and vaccines

Looking forward, China may face challenges related to environmental sustainability, disease management, and international market demands for higher quality and certified products

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